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| incongems.net | The Mississippian culture | Mesoamerica | Olmec civilization | Teotihuacan civilization | Maya civilization | Toltec civilization | Aztec Mexican civilization |
Aztec Mexican civilization
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Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central
Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and
who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of
Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred
to as the Late post-Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology. The Aztec Triple Alliance was formed by Itzcoatl of Tenochtitlan, Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco, and the smaller city-state of Tlacopan in 1428. Despite the name, Tenochtitlan was the dominant partner, and Tlacopan the weakest. Tenochtitlan and Texcoco each received 2/5 of all tribute, and Tlacopan received 1/5. By the time the Spanish arrived in 1520, Tlacopan had nearly disappeared as a separate city-state, and the lands of the Alliance were ruled from Tenochtitlan. |
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At its height, the Alliance controlled most of central Mexico from
coast to coast, except for a small area southeast of Tenochtitlan:
the Kingdom of the Tlaxcalteca, roughly bounded by the modern-day
Mexican state of Tlaxcala. It was the Tlaxcalans who allied with
Cortés in 1521 to ultimately destroy the Alliance. The Valley of Mexico is a highlands plateau in central Mexico roughly coterminous with the present-day Distrito Federal and the eastern half of the State of Mexico. Surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, the Valley of Mexico was a center for several pre-Columbian civilizations, including Teotihuacan, the Toltec, and the Aztec. The ancient Aztec term anahuac and the phrase Basin of Mexico are both used at times to refer to the Valley of Mexico. The Valley of Mexico is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The valley contains most of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, as well as parts of the State of Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala and Puebla. The Valley of Mexico can be subdivided into four basins, but the largest and most-studied is the area which contains Mexico City. This section of the valley in particular is colloquially referred to as the "Valley of Mexico". The valley has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 ft) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 meters (16,000 ft).[4] It is an enclosed valley with no natural outlet for water to flow and a gap to the north where there is a high mesa but no high mountain peaks. Hydrologically, the valley has three features. The first feature is the lakebeds of five now-extinct lakes, which are located in the southernmost and largest of the four sub-basins. The other two features are piedmont, and the mountainsides that collect the precipitation that eventually flows to the lake area. These last two are found in all four of the sub-basins of the valley.[1][3] Seismic activity is frequent here, and the valley is considered an earthquake prone zone |
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