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| incongems.net | The Mississippian culture | Mesoamerica | Olmec civilization | Teotihuacan civilization | Maya civilization | Toltec civilization | Aztec Mexican civilization |
Maya civilization
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Contemporary with Teotihuacan's greatness was the greatness of the
Maya civilization. The period between 250 A.D. and 650 A.D. saw an
intense flourishing of Maya civilized accomplishments. While the
many Maya city-states never achieved political unity on the order of
the central Mexican civilizations, they exerted a tremendous
intellectual influence upon Mexico and Central America. The Maya
built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent, and made
innovations in mathematics, astronomy, and writing that became the
pinnacle of Mexico's scientific achievements The Maya civilization is a historical Mesoamerican civilization, which extended throughout the northern Central American region which includes the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras and El Salvador, as well as the southern Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán Peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatán. |
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Within this region, elements associated with the Maya civilization
have been found which date back to approximately 1000 BC. The region
had however been inhabited since at least the 10th millennium BC,
and the point at which distinctive Maya-like characteristics first
arose is not well-defined. By the period known to archaeologists as
the mid-Preclassic (or mid-Formative, around 600 BC), some of the
earliest Maya complexes had been constructed. The later Classic
period (c. 250 - 900) witnessed the peak of widespread urban center
construction and the recording of monumental inscriptions,
particularly in the southern lowland regions. For reasons which are
still much debated, many of these sites were abandoned in the
Terminal phase of this period (the so-called "Terminal collapse"),
although in several places these activities continued, particularly
in northern Yucatán. Detailed monumental inscriptions all but
disappeared. During the succeeding Post-Classic period (to the early
16th century), development in the northern centers persisted,
characterized by an increasing diversity of external influences;
however by the time of the Spanish arrival in 1519 most of these
centers had substantively declined. The Maya civilization shared many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations, for there was a high degree of interaction and cultural diffusion throughout the region. Although aspects such as writing and the calendar did not originate with the Maya, their civilization developed these to their fullest extent. Maya influences can be detected as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km from their homelands. Equally, many external influences are to be found in Maya art and architecture, particularly in the Post-Classic period; these are thought to be mainly a result of trade and cultural exchange, rather than direct external conquest. Contrary to popular perception, the various Maya peoples themselves had not "disappeared", neither at the time of the Classic period decline nor with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores and the subsequent colonization of their lands. The Maya persist in contemporary Mesoamerican societies, maintaining a distinctive set of traditions and beliefs, albeit generally combined with more recent practices such as widespread adoption of Roman Catholicism. The Maya and their descendants form sizeable populations throughout the region formerly occupied by the states of the ancient civilization. Many different Mayan languages are still spoken as their primary language. |
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| incongems.net | The Mississippian culture | Mesoamerica | Olmec civilization | Teotihuacan civilization | Maya civilization | Toltec civilization | Aztec Mexican civilization |