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| incongems.net | The Mississippian culture | Mesoamerica | Olmec civilization | Teotihuacan civilization | Maya civilization | Toltec civilization | Aztec Mexican civilization |
Mesoamerica
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Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the
northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of
stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an
approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the
New World by Columbus. Mesoamerican is the adjective generally used
to refer to that group of pre-Columbian cultures. This refers to an
environmental area occupied by an assortment of ancient cultures
that shared religious beliefs, art, architecture, and technology in
the Americas for more than three thousand years. Between 1800 and 300 BC, complex cultures began to form in Mesoamerica. Some matured into advanced pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations such as the: Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec, Huaxtec, Purepecha,Toltec and Mexica (a.k.a. "Aztecs"), which flourished for nearly 4,000 years before first contact with Europeans. |
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These indigenous civilizations are credited with many inventions in:
building pyramid-temples, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, writing,
highly-accurate calendars, fine arts, intensive agriculture,
engineering, an abacus calculation, a complex theology, and the
wheel. Without any draft animals the wheel was used only as a toy.
They used native copper and gold for metalworking. Archaic inscriptions on rocks and rock walls all over northern Mexico (especially in the state of Nuevo León) demonstrate an early propensity for counting in Mexico. The counting system was one of the most complex in the world, with a base 20 number system. These very early and ancient count-markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mexican natives before the arrival of Europeans. In fact, many of the later Mexican based civilizations carefully built their cities and ceremonial centers according to specific astronomical events. The biggest Mesoamerican cities such as Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan, and Cholula were among the largest in the world. These cities, blossomed as centers of commerce, ideas, ceremonies, and theology and radiated influence outwards onto nearby neighboring cultures in central Mexico. While many city-states, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mesoamerica can be said to have had five major civilizations: The Olmec, Teotihuacan, the Toltec, the Mexican and the Maya. These civilizations (with the exception of the politically-fragmented Maya) extended their reach across Mexico — and beyond — like no others. They consolidated power and distributed influence in matters of trade, art, politics, technology, and theology. Other regional power players made economic and political alliances with these four civilizations over the span of 4,000 years. Many made war with them. But almost all found themselves within these five spheres of influence. |
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| incongems.net | The Mississippian culture | Mesoamerica | Olmec civilization | Teotihuacan civilization | Maya civilization | Toltec civilization | Aztec Mexican civilization |